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概况
牛津大学（英文：University of Oxford、拉丁文：Universitas Oxoniensis、简称：Oxon.）位于英国牛津市，是英语世界中最古老的大学。虽然牛津大学的确切创立日期仍不清楚，但其历史可大约追溯到十二世纪末，迄今约有900年。西元1209年，在牛津学生与镇民的冲突事件过后，一些牛津的学者迁离至东北方的剑桥镇，并成立剑桥大学。自此之后，两间大学彼此之间展开相当悠久的竞争岁月。
牛津大学是英国研究型大学罗素集团(Russell Group)，欧洲顶尖大学科英布拉集团(Coimbra Group)，欧洲研究型大学LERU (League of European Research Universities)以及Europaeum中的核心成员。
在9个世纪以来，牛津大学一直是全英国乃至于世界级的顶尖学府，今日经常挤身于世界前五名之列。牛津大学和剑桥大学时常被合称为牛剑，它们两所是英格兰最古老、最著名的大学。从2002年至2008年，牛津大学已经连续七年被英国泰晤士报评为全英综合排名第一的大学。另外在2007年的泰晤士报高等教育增刊的世界大学排行榜内，牛津大学位居世界第二，仅次于美国的哈佛大学。
历史
十二世纪末的时候，牛津镇已经是一个重要的教育中心。从欧洲大陆与其他地方的学者定居在此，在1096年时就有一些教学活动。1167年巴黎大学的排外活动，让许多英国学者离开法国，回到英国牛津。
牛津大学建立时间不详，因为那并不是一个独立的事件，它可以追溯到1096年于那里开始的教学。当英法关系恶化，英王亨利二世于1167年禁止英国学生在巴黎大学学习后，牛津开始迅速发展。也就是从此时开始，第一个学校公寓建立，之后逐渐成为学院。1209年，由于学生暴力行为，大学被解散(此事件导致了一些学生和教师离开牛津并建立了剑桥大学)。1214年6月20日，经过一名教皇使节的磋商，大学重新回到了牛津，并得到了特许。牛津大学的身份直到1571年通过的一项法案而得到证实的确定。
学校机构
牛津由一个中央学校(包括校和系图书馆，以及科学实验室)，38个学院以及7个永久私人公寓(Permanent Private Halls，PPHs)。这些学院并不只是宿舍，而是实质上负责本科生和研究生的教学。有些学院只接受研究生，而有一个学院根本就不招收学生。
牛津的学院系统产生于大学诞生之时，并逐渐成为牛津市独立机构的集合体。
与大多数其他大学组织结构相似，牛津大学又根据专业分为不同的系。系通常在研究生教学中扮演主要角色，提供讲座、课程以及组织考试。系也通常是被外部机构包括大型研究委员会资助的研究中心。
入学
本科生入学由独立的学院批准，它们的学生将在学院接受导师教育，并在大学接受讲座和课程教育。而研究生的通知书则由各系首先决定，然后是与之相关的学院。
与美国的精英学校(主要是私立)不同，牛津(和剑桥)是公共机构，它们不能公然的表现“捐赠偏好”，即一个父母富有的孩子将比一个跟哈佛大学毫无关系的孩子在申请此校时占有较大的优势。
本科生必须信仰英国国教的要求于1871年废止。1920年之前，古希腊知识为必须。1960年前，则需要懂得拉丁语。而女性直到1920年后才能够得到牛津学位。
名人
牛津产生了至少来自7个国家的11位国王，6位英国国王，57位诺贝尔奖获得者，来自19个国家的53位总统和首相,包括25位英国首相（其中13位来自基督堂学院），12位圣人，86位大主教以及18位红衣主教。
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The Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) has published the results of its Research Assessment Exercise 2008 on 18 December.
In the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) results released on 18 December, 90% of research activity in Statistics at Oxford was judged to be 4* (world leading) or 3* (internationally excellent), the highest proportion of any UK university in the subject. Oxford Statistics also had the highest proportion of 4* world leading research (40%).
Head of Department, Professor Colin McDiarmid said:
"This is a great result for us. There are many strong Statistics departments in the country, so it is very pleasing that the RAE picks us out as the leading department, with such a high proportion of our research judged to be world leading or internationally excellent."
Camparing with other instituitions on Statistics and Operational Research:
Category A staff submitted 4* 3* 2* 1* U/C
Oxford 24.50 40 50 10 0 0
Cambridge 16.00 30 45 25 0 0
Imperial College 13.90 25 50 25 0 0
Bristol 23.00 25 45 30 0 0
Warwick 24.00 25 45 30 0 0
LSE 15.00 15 40 35 5 5
4* Quality that is world-leading in terms of originality, significance and rigour
3* Quality that is internationally excellent in terms of originality, significance and rigour but which nonetheless falls short of the highest standards of excellence
2* Quality that is recognised internationally in terms of originality, significance and rigour
1* Quality that is recognised nationally in terms of originality, significance and rigour
Unclassified Quality that falls below the standard of nationally recognised work. Or work which does not meet the published definition of research for the purposes of this assessment
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BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF STATISTICS at Oxford
Florence Nightingale proposes a Chair in Statistics at Oxford (1870-90). The following is based on: E V Quinn and J M Prest: Dear Miss Nightingale (A selection of Benjamin Jowett's Letters 1860 - 93) pp xxxi - xxxii.
Benjamin Jowett* encouraged Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) to endow a Chair of Statistics in her own name as early as in 1876 and returned to the matter in 1890. His proposal was that they should each contribute £2,000 to endow a Chair of Statistics. She consulted Professor Galton, and together they drew up a list of the topics to which a Professor Statistics might address himself. These were, in addition to matters of public health, the effects of the Education Act of 1870, the action of punishment upon crime, the efficiency of workhouses, and the interpretation of statistics about India. Jowett thought that it would be enough to start with one of these, and wanted the Chair to be established at Oxford. Galton commented that, without a Final Honour School and without undergraduates, a Chair at Oxford would not prove very attractive to an able man, and recommended founding one at the Royal Institution instead.
*Benjamin Jowett (1817-1893) was an English scholar and theologian, Master of Balliol College.
Other notable statisticians associated with Oxford before 1988
A number of prominent statisticians have had a significant impact on the development of Statistics in Oxford prior to the establishment of the Department. This includes F. Y. Edgeworth (1845-1926), who was Professor of Political Economy at Oxford from 1891, W. F. R. Weldon (1860-1906) who was Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford and a close collaborator and friend of Karl Pearson (1857-1936), as well as D. Finney, M. S. Bartlett (1910-2002), D. G. Kendall (1918-2007), J. Kingman, J. Hammersley (1920-2004), P. Armitage, and many others.
Department of Statistics - 1988
During the mid-1980s it became the view of many people that the study of statistics was too fragmented in Oxford (economics, biomathematics and clinical medicine) and that centralisation would be a good thing.
A working party on statistics was set up in 1985 under Sir Claus Moser, Warden of Wadham College, which reported in April 1986. The Moser Report recommended a single Department of Statistics, a new Chair of Statistical Science, the filling of a frozen lectureship and other steps, all of which were accepted by the University. The Department of Statistics moved to its present home at 1 South Parks Road in 1988. The first holder of the Chair in Statistical Science was D. V. Hinkley.
The Department owned the first departmental computer within the university (an Elliott 803, bought with a grant made from the Nuffield Foundation in 1963).
Current Chairs in Statistics
Statistical Science (Donnelly)
Applied Statistics (Ripley)
Bioinformatics (Hein)
Statistics (Lauritzen)
Statistics in the Social Sciences (Snijders)
The last three Chairs were created in 2001, 2003 and 2006 respectively
SIZE AND GROWTH OF OXFORD STATISTICS
1988
Professors
1
Other academic staff
6
Post-doctoral researchers
0
Research students
3
2006/07
Professors (Statutory)
5
Ad hominem reader
1
Other academic staff
12
Post-doctoral researchers
15
Research students
43
Many other Oxford statisticians have a close association with the department. Most notably these include Sir David Cox FRS, and Professor Bernard Silverman FRS, the Master of St Peter's College, both of whom have bases in the department, and Professors Sarah Darby and Neil Shephard, both of whom are associate members of the department.
The non-academic staff establishment comprises 5 administrators, 2 secretaries, a computing manager and three computing officers.
Oxford has 7 FRS's in Statistics and Probability and very closely related areas: (Valerie) Beral, Bodmer, Cox, Donnelly, Lyons, Peto and Silverman, about half the UK total.
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牛津大學萬靈學院 (All Souls College) 1438年
牛津大學貝利奧爾學院 (Balliol College) 1263年
牛津大學佈雷齊諾斯學院 (Brasenose College) 1509年
牛津大學基督教堂學院 (Christ Church) 1546年
牛津大學基督聖體學院 (Corpus Christi College) 1517年
牛津大學艾克塞特學院 (Exeter College) 1314年
牛津大學格林學院 (Green College) 1979年
牛津大學哈里斯˙曼徹斯特學院 (Harris Manchester College) 1786年, College status 1996
牛津大學赫特福德學院 (Hertford College) 1282年
牛津大學耶穌學院 (Jesus College) 1571年
牛津大學基布爾學院 (Keble College) 1870年
牛津大學凱洛格學院 (Kellogg College) 1990年, College status 1994
牛津大學瑪格莉特夫人學堂 (Lady Margaret Hall) 1878年
牛津大學李納克爾學院 (Linacre College) 1962年
牛津大學林肯學院 (Lincoln College) 1427年
牛津大學莫德林學院 (Magdalen College) 1458年
牛津大學曼斯菲爾德學院 (Mansfield College) 1886年, College status 1995
牛津大學默頓學院 (Merton College) 1264年
牛津大學新學院 (New College) 1379年
牛津大學納菲爾德學院 (Nuffield College) 1958年
牛津大學奧里爾學院 (Oriel College) 1326年
牛津大學彭布洛克學院 (Pembroke College) 1624年
牛津大學女王學院 (The Queen's College) 1341年
牛津大學拉斯金學院 (The Ruskin College) 1899年
牛津大學聖安學院 (St Anne's College) 1878年
牛津大學聖安東尼學院 (St Antony's College) 1950年, College status 1963
牛津大學聖凱瑟琳學院 (St Catherine's College) 1963年
牛津大學聖十字學院 (St Cross College) 1965年
牛津大學聖艾德蒙學堂 (St Edmund Hall) 1226年, College status 1957
牛津大學聖希爾達學院 (St Hilda's College) 1893年
牛津大學聖休學院 (St Hugh's College) 1886年
牛津大學聖約翰學院 (St John's College) 1555年
牛津大學聖彼得學院 (St Peter's College) 1929年
牛津大學薩默維爾學院 (Somerville College) 1879年
牛津大學坦普頓學院 (Templeton College) 1965年, College status 1995
牛津大學三一學院 (Trinity College) 1554年
牛津大學大學學院 (University College) 1249年
牛津大學瓦德漢學院 (Wadham College) 1610年
牛津大學沃弗森學院 (Wolfson College) 1966年, College status 1981
牛津大學伍斯特學院 (Worcester College) 1714年
