Rmd文件是默认的模板，改动 author 为中文后就报错，报错信息只有三行，如下

 pandoc: Error producing PDF
 Error: pandoc document conversion failed with error 43
 Execution halted

yaml如下

title: "Untitled"
author: "我的名字"
output: 
  pdf_document: 
    number_sections: yes
    latex_engine: xelatex
    toc: yes
CJKmainfont: Source Han Serif SC

R 环境

devtools::session_info('rmarkdown')
Session info -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 setting  value                       
 version  R version 3.4.1 (2017-06-30)
 system   x86_64, linux-gnu           
 ui       RStudio (1.1.383)           
 language (EN)                        
 collate  en_US.UTF-8                 
 tz       America/New_York            
 date     2017-10-26                  

Packages -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 package   * version date       source        
 backports   1.1.1   2017-09-25 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 base64enc   0.1-3   2015-07-28 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 bitops      1.0-6   2013-08-17 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 caTools     1.17.1  2014-09-10 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 digest      0.6.12  2017-01-27 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 evaluate    0.10.1  2017-06-24 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 graphics  * 3.4.1   2017-06-30 local         
 grDevices * 3.4.1   2017-06-30 local         
 highr       0.6     2016-05-09 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 htmltools   0.3.6   2017-04-28 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 jsonlite    1.5     2017-06-01 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 knitr       1.17    2017-08-10 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 magrittr    1.5     2014-11-22 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 markdown    0.8     2017-04-20 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 methods   * 3.4.1   2017-06-30 local         
 mime        0.5     2016-07-07 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 Rcpp        0.12.13 2017-09-28 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 rmarkdown   1.6     2017-06-15 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 rprojroot   1.2     2017-01-16 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 stats     * 3.4.1   2017-06-30 local         
 stringi     1.1.5   2017-04-07 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 stringr     1.2.0   2017-02-18 CRAN (R 3.4.1)
 tools       3.4.1   2017-06-30 local         
 utils     * 3.4.1   2017-06-30 local         
 yaml        2.1.14  2016-11-12 CRAN (R 3.4.1)

sessioninfo 如下

R version 3.4.1 (2017-06-30)
Platform: x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu (64-bit)
Running under: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)

Matrix products: default
BLAS/LAPACK: /usr/lib64/R/lib/libRblas.so

locale:
 [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NUMERIC=C               LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8       
 [4] LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8     LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8    LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8   
 [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NAME=C                  LC_ADDRESS=C              
[10] LC_TELEPHONE=C             LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C       

attached base packages:
[1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] Rcpp_0.12.13    bookdown_0.5    withr_2.0.0     digest_0.6.12   rprojroot_1.2  
 [6] backports_1.1.1 magrittr_1.5    evaluate_0.10.1 stringi_1.1.5   rstudioapi_0.7 
[11] rticles_0.4.1   rmarkdown_1.6   devtools_1.13.3 tools_3.4.1     stringr_1.2.0  
[16] yaml_2.1.14     compiler_3.4.1  memoise_1.1.0   htmltools_0.3.6 knitr_1.17

中文字体已经安装

fc-list :lang=zh-cn

/usr/share/fonts/opentype/SourceHanSerifSC-Medium.otf: Source Han Serif SC,思源宋体,Source Han Serif SC Medium,思源宋体 Medium:style=Medium,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/SourceHanSerifSC-Light.otf: Source Han Serif SC,思源宋体,Source Han Serif SC Light,思源宋体 Light:style=Light,Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/SourceHanSerifSC-Regular.otf: Source Han Serif SC,思源宋体:style=Regular
/usr/share/fonts/opentype/SourceHanSerifSC-ExtraLight.otf: Source Han Serif SC,思源宋体,Source Han Serif SC ExtraLight,思源宋体 ExtraLight:style=ExtraLight,Regular

xelatex 也已经从默认仓库安装

XeTeX 3.1415926-2.5-0.9999.3-2015112013 (TeX Live 2013)
kpathsea version 6.1.1
Copyright 2013 SIL International and Jonathan Kew.
There is NO warranty.  Redistribution of this software is
covered by the terms of both the XeTeX copyright and
the Lesser GNU General Public License.
For more information about these matters, see the file
named COPYING and the XeTeX source.
Primary author of XeTeX: Jonathan Kew.
Compiled with ICU version 50.1.2; using 50.1.2
Compiled with zlib version 1.2.7; using 1.2.7
Compiled with FreeType2 version 2.4.11; using 2.4.11
Compiled with Graphite2 version 1.2.2; using 1.3.10
Compiled with HarfBuzz version 0.9.36; using 1.3.2
Compiled with fontconfig version 2.10.95; using 2.10.95
Compiled with libpng version 1.5.13; using 1.5.13
Compiled with poppler version 0.26.5

pandoc也装了，信息如下

pandoc 1.12.3.1
Compiled with texmath 0.6.6, highlighting-kate 0.5.6.
Syntax highlighting is supported for the following languages:
    actionscript, ada, apache, asn1, asp, awk, bash, bibtex, boo, c, changelog,
    clojure, cmake, coffee, coldfusion, commonlisp, cpp, cs, css, curry, d,
    diff, djangotemplate, doxygen, doxygenlua, dtd, eiffel, email, erlang,
    fortran, fsharp, gnuassembler, go, haskell, haxe, html, ini, java, javadoc,
    javascript, json, jsp, julia, latex, lex, literatecurry, literatehaskell,
    lua, makefile, mandoc, markdown, matlab, maxima, metafont, mips, modelines,
    modula2, modula3, monobasic, nasm, noweb, objectivec, objectivecpp, ocaml,
    octave, pascal, perl, php, pike, postscript, prolog, python, r,
    relaxngcompact, restructuredtext, rhtml, roff, ruby, rust, scala, scheme,
    sci, sed, sgml, sql, sqlmysql, sqlpostgresql, tcl, texinfo, verilog, vhdl,
    xml, xorg, xslt, xul, yacc, yaml
Default user data directory: /home/R/.pandoc
Copyright (C) 2006-2013 John MacFarlane
Web:  http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is no
warranty, not even for merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.

CentOS 装在虚拟机里，我也装了 RStudio Server，这是在浏览器里打开的画面